Duque — Centro Democrático Uribista restoration (Colombia)

Doctrine — stated goals and content

Right-conservative Uribista restoration combining market-orthodox continuity with contested implementation of the 2016 Havana Agreement, a sustainability- tax reform agenda derailed by the 2021 paro nacional, OECD-accession completion (formal membership 28 Apr 2020), and one of Latin America's most open responses to Venezuelan migration. Economic programme: Ley 1943 de 2018 "Ley de Financiamiento" (corporate-rate reduction, VAT base broadening, simple-regime for SMEs), struck down by the Constitutional Court on procedural grounds and replaced by Ley 2010 de 2019 "Ley de Crecimiento Económico" with similar content; attempted Ley de Solidaridad Sostenible (April 2021) to widen income-tax base and make VAT more progressive — withdrawn 2 May 2021 after paro nacional protests that ran April-June 2021, triggered ESMAD crackdown debates and over 40 civilian deaths per ombuds data; replaced by the more limited Ley 2155 de 2021 "Inversión Social" (corporate-rate hike to 35%, PAEF payroll-support extension). Pandemic response: large fiscal impulse via Ingreso Solidario cash transfer, PAEF payroll subsidy, FOME emergency fund — fiscal deficit peaked 7.8% of GDP in 2020 and S&P and Fitch downgraded Colombia below investment-grade in May-July 2021. On migration: Temporary Protection Status (Estatuto Temporal de Protección para Migrantes Venezolanos, Decreto 216 de 1 Mar 2021) regularised ~1.8M Venezuelans over 10 years. Popularity: 54.0% runoff 17 Jun 2018 vs Petro (41.8%); Centro Democrático largest Senate bench (19/108) but no majority — Duque governed through shifting conservative-Liberal-U coalitions. Approval collapsed from ~52% start to sub-30% from 2020 onward (Invamer bimonthly), reaching ~22% at peak protest. Coherence: market-orthodox continuity + sustainability-tax attempts + pandemic social-transfer scale-up + open-migration posture + securitised protest response.