Crisis-response triad enacted over the first term. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009 (ARRA) deployed $787bn (later scored ~$831bn) combining tax credits (Making Work Pay, AOTC), aid to state/local governments (FMAP boost, State Fiscal Stabilization Fund), safety-net expansion (UI extension, SNAP), and direct investment (infrastructure, Recovery Act loan guarantees for clean energy under Section 1705). The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act 2010 created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC), new OLA resolution authority, Volcker Rule constraints on proprietary trading, derivatives central clearing, and stress-testing (DFAST/CCAR). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010 (ACA) created state/federal insurance exchanges with premium subsidies, the individual mandate (since zeroed out 2017), guaranteed issue + community rating, and Medicaid expansion (later Roberts-limited in NFIB v. Sebelius 2012). Stated case: fiscal stimulus during ZLB liquidity trap, re-regulation of financial sector to prevent repeat crisis, and near-universal health coverage.
Policy-content fingerprint — how the framework codes this movement on its axes
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.