Partial market-oriented reform programme adopted at the VI Party Congress (December 1986) in response to stagnation, shortages, and hyperinflation following post-1975 collectivisation. Retains single- party political monopoly and state ownership of commanding heights while decollectivising agriculture (Resolution 10, 1988), legalising private enterprise, liberalising prices, unifying the exchange rate, and opening to trade and FDI. Subsequent reforms include SOE equitisation from the mid-1990s, bilateral trade agreement with the US (2001), WTO accession (2007), and CPTPP entry (2018). Outcome: sustained ~6-7% annualised GDP growth 1990-2019, poverty headcount from ~60% (1990) to under 5% (2020). Commonly paired with China's 1978 reforms as a non-Washington-Consensus developmentalist reform path retaining party-state direction of strategic sectors.
Policy-content fingerprint — how the framework codes this movement on its axes