Keating ALP — Working Nation, Mabo, superannuation, 'recession we had to have'

Doctrine — stated goals and content

Economic school: microeconomic-reform ALP — continuation of Hawke-Keating financial and trade liberalisation with a stronger institutional turn on competition, retirement incomes, and native title. Left-right axis: centre-left — pro-market on competition, trade, and central-bank professionalisation but interventionist on active labour-market programmes (Working Nation 1994), mandatory superannuation expansion, and Indigenous land rights. Dated policies: Superannuation Guarantee Charge Act 1992 (from July 1992, phased 3%->9%); Mabo v Queensland (No 2) High Court decision 3 June 1992 and Native Title Act 1993; Working Nation White Paper 4 May 1994 (active labour-market programmes, training guarantee); National Competition Policy / Hilmer Report implementation from 1995 (Competition Principles Agreement 11 April 1995); RBA-Treasurer inflation- targeting statement 1993-96 (formalised by Costello 1996); "recession we had to have" 1990-91 (unemployment peak 11.2% Dec 1992). Popularity: March 1993 federal election ALP won 51.4% 2PP over Hewson's Coalition ("Fightback!" GST package rejected); March 1996 federal election lost heavily to Howard's Coalition (53.6% 2PP to Coalition). Coherence: high on its own terms — the pro-competition + pro-universal-retirement-savings + native-title reform bundle defined the 1990s Australian model.