MAS extractivist-redistributive model (Bolivia)

Doctrine — stated goals and content

Self-described "Andean-Amazonian capitalism" and "communitarian socialism": nationalisation of hydrocarbons via Supreme Decree 28701 of May 2006, which raised the state's share of gas revenues sharply and brought YPFB into a majority-ownership position in upstream contracts; re-founding of the state in the 2009 Plurinational Constitution recognising indigenous autonomy; expansion of cash-transfer programmes (Bono Juancito Pinto 2006, Renta Dignidad 2008, Bono Juana Azurduy 2009); real minimum-wage increases; and large public investment in roads, gas infrastructure, and state-led industrialisation attempts in lithium, urea, and iron. Macroeconomic management was, in contrast, relatively orthodox by regional left-populist standards: a managed currency peg, fiscal surpluses through 2013, and reserve accumulation from the gas boom. After the 2014-2015 commodity-price decline deficits widened, reserves drew down, and the model became increasingly dependent on financing the peg. Term-limit controversy after the 2016 referendum and disputed 2019 election ended the period. Framework records both the material gains — poverty headcount roughly halved, strong growth — and the later vulnerabilities of a peg-plus-deficit configuration after the commodity cycle turned.