Shah late era — oil-boom overstretch, inflation, revolution

Doctrine — stated goals and content

Late-Pahlavi doctrine was oil-rent-financed forced modernisation — massive industrial investment, military spending, land reform continuation, and cultural Westernisation under imperial authoritarianism. Economic school: state-capitalist push modernisation — Fifth Plan (1973-78) nearly doubled post oil-shock, imported European and American plant at a pace outstripping absorption capacity, and generated runaway inflation (>25% by 1977). Amouzegar's 1977 'anti-inflation' austerity cut construction spending and bankrupted bazaar merchants, broadening the anti-Shah coalition. Left-right axis: right-authoritarian politically, statist- developmentalist economically; simultaneously anti-traditional (on family law, dress code) and pro-capital-accumulation. Popularity / legitimacy: 1975 Rastakhiz mandatory one-party system ended even nominal pluralism; 1977 Carter human-rights pressure forced a limited opening; by late 1977 mass protests began, 1978 Black Friday and Cinema Rex fire galvanised opposition, and the Shah fled 16 January 1979 with Khomeini returning 1 February. Coherence: low at the end — the forced-modernisation arc collided with clerical, bazaar, and intellectual opposition producing revolution.