Moi KANU era — Nyayoism, one-party state, IMF-SAP, belated liberalisation

Doctrine — stated goals and content

Moi's KANU era (August 1978 - December 2002) dominated Kenya for 24 years, evolving through four phases: (i) 1978-82 'fuata nyayo' (follow in the footsteps) continuation of Kenyatta developmentalist mixed economy; (ii) 1982 constitutional amendment making KANU the sole legal party (de jure one-party state) following August 1982 attempted air-force coup; (iii) 1980s IMF Structural Adjustment (three SAL tranches 1980, 1982, 1986) — maize-marketing deregulation, import-licensing cuts, fiscal consolidation; (iv) 1990s belated political liberalisation forced by donor pressure (Section 2A repealed December 1991, multiparty elections 1992, 1997, both won by Moi on split opposition). Economic school: patronage-authoritarian statism with intermittent IMF-imposed liberalisation. Left-right axis: authoritarian-centrist economically; politically right-authoritarian. Popularity / legitimacy: 1979 single-party election (KANU 88% turnout), 1983 snap election post-coup cemented control; 1992 multiparty election KANU 36.4% presidential (split opposition); 1997 36.1%; 2002 succession election KANU lost to NARC with Kibaki (62%). Coherence: politically coherent (power-retention logic) but economically incoherent — SAP partial compliance, Goldenberg scandal (~$600m-$1bn) and chronic governance failure produced stagnation.