Mahathir early era — Look East + heavy industry (Malaysia)

Doctrine — stated goals and content

Mahathir Look East Policy + heavy-industrial drive — first phase of the long 1981-2003 era. Economic school: ethno-developmentalist state-led heavy industrialisation emulating Japan/Korea models explicitly rather than Anglo-American ones. Dated actions: Look East Policy launch Feb 1982; Proton Saga launch 9 Jul 1985 via HICOM- Mitsubishi JV; Perwaja Steel 1982 at Terengganu; Bank Negara forex speculation losses 1986 and 1992 (~MYR30bn losses cumulative); Privatisation Master Plan 1983 onward (Syarikat Telekom Malaysia 1987, Tenaga Nasional 1990 precursors); Bumiputera-focused ASN/PNB trust- fund expansion; Official Secrets Act amendment 1986; 1986 recession (GDP -1.1%) + crude-oil/tin/palm-oil collapse forced New Economic Plan adjustment; Operation Lalang Oct 1987 detaining 106 opposition figures under ISA; UMNO constitutional crisis 1987-1988 — Team A (Mahathir) vs Team B (Razaleigh), UMNO declared illegal Feb 1988, reformed as UMNO Baru; Lord President Salleh Abas dismissed Aug 1988 (judicial crisis). Left-right: centre-right ethno-developmentalist, socially conservative-nationalist. Popularity: Apr 1982 general election BN 60.5% / 132 of 154 seats; Aug 1986 BN 55.8% / 148 of 177 seats amid recession; 1990 election 70.6% seat share despite Team-B Semangat 46 split. Coherence: high — Look East + Proton + Privatisation + NEP mutually reinforcing; judicial-crisis/ISA repression tightly coupled to intra-UMNO power consolidation.