King Khalid era — oil-boom state-building and post-Grand-Mosque consolidation

Doctrine — stated goals and content

Khalid-era doctrine was a high-rent, high-spend state-capitalist development model financed by the 1973-74 and 1979 oil price shocks. Economic school: rentier state-building with heavy capital spending channelled through the Second (1975-80) and Third (1980-85) Five-Year Plans — industrial cities Jubail and Yanbu, SABIC (founded 1976) as national-champion petrochemical vehicle, SAMA managing a pegged riyal. Left-right axis: absolutist monarchy — non-ideological by Western left-right mapping, but clerical-conservative on social policy and statist-developmentalist on economic policy with large public subsidies, free healthcare/education, and cradle-to-grave citizen entitlements. Popularity / legitimacy: no elections; the Grand Mosque seizure (20 November 1979) and Qatif Shia uprising (late 1979) exposed legitimacy fractures and prompted a sharp turn toward religious-establishment empowerment — expansion of mutawwa and CPVPV budgets, curriculum Islamisation, mass mosque-building overseas. Coherence: oil revenue financed simultaneous physical industrialisation, welfare expansion, and religious entrenchment without needing fiscal trade-offs — coherent while oil prices held.